The beauty of software is in its function,in its internal structure,and in the way in which it is created by a team.To a user,a program with just the right features presented through an intuitive and(71）interface is beautiful.To a software designer,an internal structure that is partitioned in a simple and intuitive manner,and that minimizes internal coupling is beautiful.To developers and managers,a motivated team of developers making significant progress every week,and producing defect-free code,is beautifUl?There is beauty on all these levels. Our world needs software-lots of software.Fifty years ago software was something that ran in a few big and expensive machines.Thirty years ago it was something that ran in most companies and industrial settings.Now there is software running in our cell phones,watches,appliances,automobiles,toys,and tools.And need for new and better software never(72）.As our civilization grows and expands,as developing nations build their infrastructures,as developed nations strive to achieve ever greater efficiencies,the need for more and more software(73）to increase.It would be a great shame if,in all that software,there was no beauty. We know that software can be ugly.We know that it can be hard to use,unreliable,and carelessly structured.We know that there are software systems whose tangled and careless internal structures make them expensive and difficult to change.We know that there are software systems that present their features through an awkward and cumbersome interface.We know that there are software systems that crash and misbehave.These are(74）systems.Unfortunately,as a profession,software developers tend to create more ugly systems than beauti ful ones. There is a secret that the best software developers know.Beauty is cheaper than ugliness.Beauty is faster than ugliness.A beautifiil software system can be built and maintained in less time,and for less money,than an ugly one.Novice software developers don't understand this.They think that they have to do everything fast and quick.They think that beauty is(75）.No!By doing things fast and quick,they make messes that make the software stiff,and hard to understand.Beautiful systems are flexible and easy to understand.Building them and maintaining them is a joy.It is ugliness that is impractical.Ugliness will slow you down and make your software expensive and brittle.Beautiful systems cost the least to build and maintain,and are delivered soonest.
